@node Integer types
@chapter Integer types
Many programmers have widely false assumption of
the integer types in C. You should read this chapter.
Integer types in C are not as straight-forward as
they are in other programming languages.
@menu
* Builtin integer types:: Integer types provided by the compiler.
* Portable integer types:: Integer types provided by the standard library.
* Specialised integer types:: Purpose-defined integer types.
@end menu
@node Builtin integer types
@section Builtin integer types
@cpindex Integer types
@cpindex Types, integer
@hfindex limits.h
The C programming languages, provides several
integer types. All of these have limited
portability, and are intrinsic (they are
provided by the compiler, not the standard library.)
All constants named in this section of are
made available by including the header file
@file{<limits.h>}.
@table @code
@item char
@tpindex char
@lvindex CHAR_BIT
@lvindex CHAR_MIN
@lvindex CHAR_MAX
The smallest addressable unit of the machine
that can contain a basic character set.@footnote{Because
of this, @code{char*} has been given a special property
in the C programming language: it may alias anything.}
It is either signed or unsigned, depending
on the implementation. It contains @code{CHAR_BIT}
bits. @sc{POSIX} requires that @code{CHAR_BIT == 8},
however the C standard only specifies that
@code{CHAR_BIT >= 8}. The range of this type
is [@code{CHAR_MIN}, @code{CHAR_MAX}].
@item signed char
@tpindex signed char
@lvindex SCHAR_MIN
@lvindex SCHAR_MAX
@iftex
Signed version of @code{char}. It is guaranteed
to have a range of either
[@math{-2}@sup{@code{CHAR_BIT}@math{~-~1}}@math{~+~1},
@math{2}@sup{@code{CHAR_BIT}@math{~-~1}}@math{~-~1}]
or [@math{-2}@sup{@code{CHAR_BIT}@math{~-~1}},
@math{2}@sup{@code{CHAR_BIT}@math{~-~1}}@math{~-~1}].
The exact range is [@code{SCHAR_MIN}, @code{SCHAR_MAX}].
@end iftex
@ifnottex
Signed version of @code{char}. It is
guaranteed to have a range of at least either
[-2^(@code{CHAR_BIT} - 1) + 1, 2^(@code{CHAR_BIT} - 1) - 1]
or [-2^(@code{CHAR_BIT} - 1), 2^(@code{CHAR_BIT} - 1) - 1].
The exact range is [@code{SCHAR_MIN}, @code{SCHAR_MAX}].
@end ifnottex
@item unsigned char
@tpindex unsigned char
@lvindex UCHAR_MIN
@lvindex UCHAR_MAX
@iftex
Unsigned version of @code{char}. It is guaranteed
to have a range of exactly
[0, @math{2}@sup{@code{CHAR_BIT}}@math{~-~1}],
or equivalently [0, @code{UCHAR_MAX}].
@end iftex
@ifnottex
Unsigned version of @code{char}. It is guaranteed
to have a range of exactly [0, 2^@code{CHAR_BIT} -1],
or equivalently [0, @code{UCHAR_MAX}].
@end ifnottex
@item short int
@itemx short
@itemx signed short int
@itemx signed short
@tpindex short int
@tpindex signed short int
@lvindex SHORT_MIN
@lvindex SHORT_MAX
Signed integer type of at least 16 bits. Its range is
guaranteed contain at least [@math{-32767}, @math{32767}].
The exact range is [@code{SHORT_MIN}, @code{SHORT_MAX}].
@item unsigned short int
@itemx unsigned short
@tpindex unsigned short int
@lvindex USHORT_MAX
Unsigned integer type of at least 16 bits. Its range
is guaranteed contain at least [0, @math{65535}].
The exact range is [0, @code{USHORT_MAX}].
@item signed int
@itemx int
@tpindex int
@tpindex signed int
@lvindex INT_MIN
@lvindex INT_MAX
Signed integer type of at least 16 bits. Its range is
guaranteed contain at least [@math{-32767}, @math{32767}].
The exact range is [@code{INT_MIN}, @code{INT_MAX}]. This
integer type should not be used for indices!
@item unsigned int
@tpindex unsigned int
@lvindex UINT_MAX
Unsigned integer type of at least 16 bits. Its range
is guaranteed contain at least [0, @math{65535}].
The exact range is [0, @code{UINT_MAX}].
@item signed
@tpindex signed
Alias for @code{signed int} which is used when the
valid value range is the least guaranteed range. Thus
The range may exceed [@math{-32767}, @math{32767}],
but values outside that range is [[@math{-32767},
@math{32767}]] should not be used.
@item unsigned
@tpindex unsigned
Alias for @code{unsigned int} which is used when the
valid value range is the least guaranteed range. Thus
The range may exceed [0, @math{65535}], but values
outside that range is [[0, @math{65535}]] should not
be used.
@item long int
@itemx long
@itemx signed long int
@itemx signed long
@tpindex signed long int
@tpindex long int
@lvindex LONG_MIN
@lvindex LONG_MAX
Signed integer type of at least 32 bits. Its range is
guaranteed contain at least [@math{-2147483647},
@math{2147483647}]. The exact range is [@code{LONG_MIN},
@code{LONG_MAX}].
@item unsigned long int
@itemx unsigned long
@tpindex unsigned long int
@lvindex ULONG_MAX
Unsigned integer type of at least 32 bits. Its range is
guaranteed contain at least [0, @math{4294967295}].
The exact range is [0, @code{ULONG_MAX}].
@item long long int
@itemx long long
@itemx signed long long int
@itemx signed long long
@tpindex long long int
@tpindex signed long long int
@lvindex LLONG_MIN
@lvindex LLONG_MAX
Signed integer type of at least 64 bits. Its range is
guaranteed contain at least [@math{-9223372036854775807},
@math{9223372036854775807}]. This type was added in C99.
The exact range is [@code{LLONG_MIN}, @code{LLONG_MAX}].
@item unsigned long long int
@itemx unsigned long long
@tpindex unsigned long long int
@lvindex ULLONG_MAX
Unsigned integer type of at least 64 bits. Its range is
guaranteed contain at least [0, @math{18446744073709551615}].
This type was added in C99. The exact range is [0,
@code{ULLONG_MAX}].
@end table
@node Portable integer types
@section Portable integer types
@cpindex Integer types
@cpindex Types, integer
@hfindex stdint.h
@hfindex inttypes.h
@sc{ISO}@tie{}C99 added integers types of increased
portability. These, and constants describing their
properties, are made available by including either
of the header files @file{<stdint.h>} or
@file{<inttypes.h>}. @file{<inttypes.h>} includes
@file{<stdint.h>}. All integer types have limited
portability, but they --- with exceptions ---
are available even if @code{_PORTABLE_SOURCE} or
@code{_LIBRARY_HEADER} is defined.
@table @code
@item int@i{N}_t
@tpindex int@i{N}_t
@lvindex INT@i{N}_MIN
@lvindex INT@i{N}_MAX
Signed integer types of exaclty @i{N} bits.
They have do not have any padding bits, and
use two's complement. They are only defined
if there are matching integer types. Thus,
if the compile do not use two's complement,
none will defined.
Their range are [@code{INT@i{N}_MIN},
@code{INT@i{N}_MAX}], where
@code{INT@i{N}_MIN == -@code{INT@i{N}_MAX} - 1},
and @code{INT@i{N}_MAX == (1 << (@i{N} - 1)) - 1}.
Numerical literals, without type suffixes, can
be @sc{CPP}-safely casted to their type with
the macros @code{INT@i{N}_C(value)}.
@code{int@i{N}_t}, where @i{N} is 8, 16, 32,
or 64, must be defined if possible.
These types are standard library-independent,
but compiler-dependent and machine-dependent.
@item uint@i{N}_t
@tpindex uint@i{N}_t
@lvindex UINT@i{N}_MAX
Unsigned integer types of exaclty @i{N} bits.
They have do not have any padding bits. They
are only defined if there are matching integer
types.
Their range are [0, @code{UINT@i{N}_MAX}], where
@code{UINT@i{N}_MAX == (1 << @i{N}) - 1}.
Numerical literals, without type suffixes, can
be @sc{CPP}-safely casted to their type with
the macros @code{UINT@i{N}_C(value)}.
@code{int@i{N}_t}, where @i{N} is 8, 16, 32,
or 64, must be defined if possible.
These types are standard library-independent
and compiler-independent, but machine-dependent.
@item int_least@i{N}_t
@tpindex int_least@i{N}_t
@lvindex INT_LEAST@i{N}_MIN
@lvindex INT_LEAST@i{N}_MAX
Signed integer types with ranges of at least
[@code{INT@i{N}_MIN}, @code{INT@i{N}_MAX}].
The types are as narrow as possible, they
do not however need to use two's complement.
Numerical literals, without type suffixes, can
be @sc{CPP}-safely casted to their type with
the macros @code{INT_LEAST@i{N}_C(value)}.
Types where @i{N} is 8, 16, 32, or 64 are
guaranteed to be defined.
These types are standard library-independent,
but compiler-dependent and machine-dependent.
Because these types' width depending on the
compiler, their use in function prototypes,
@code{struct}:s, and @code{union}:s is
discouraged. Use in inline function however,
is should be fine.
The exact ranges of these types are
[@code{INT_LEAST@i{N}_MIN}, @code{INT_LEAST@i{N}_MAX}].
@item uint_least@i{N}_t
@tpindex uint_least@i{N}_t
@lvindex UINT_LEAST@i{N}_MAX
Unsigned integer types with ranges of at least
[0, @code{UINT@i{N}_MAX}]. The types are
as narrow as possible. Numerical literals,
without type suffixes, can be @sc{CPP}-safely
casted to their type with the macros
@code{UINT_LEAST@i{N}_C(value)}.
Types where @i{N} is 8, 16, 32, or 64 are
guaranteed to be defined.
These types are standard library-independent
and compiler-independent, but machine-dependent.
The exact ranges of these types are
[0, @code{UINT_LEAST@i{N}_MAX}].
@item int_fast@i{N}_t
@cpindex Fast integers
@cpindex Integers, fast
@tpindex int_fast@i{N}_t
@lvindex INT_FAST@i{N}_MIN
@lvindex INT_FAST@i{N}_MAX
Signed integer types with ranges of at least
[@code{INT@i{N}_MIN}, @code{INT@i{N}_MAX}].
They do not need to use two's complement.
Numerical literals, without type suffixes, can
be @sc{CPP}-safely casted to their type with
the macros @code{INT_FAST@i{N}_C(value)}.
Types where @i{N} is 8, 16, 32, or 64 are
guaranteed to be defined.
The underlaying types of these types are selected,
by the C standard library, to the types that
are thought to be the fastest type to operate
over in most use-cases.
For example, @code{int_fast16_t} can actually
be a @code{int64_t} (@code{long long int}).
These types are standard library-dependent,
compiler-dependent and machine-dependent.
Because these types are library-dependent, their
use in function prototypes, @code{struct}:s,
and @code{union}:s is highly discouraged.
Use in inline function however, is should be
fine.
The exact ranges of these types are
[@code{INT_FAST@i{N}_MIN}, @code{INT_FAST@i{N}_MAX}].
@item uint_fast@i{N}_t
@cpindex Fast integers
@cpindex Integers, fast
@tpindex uint_fast@i{N}_t
@lvindex UINT_FAST@i{N}_MAX
Signed integer types with ranges of at least
[0, @code{UINT@i{N}_MAX}]. Numerical literals,
without type suffixes, can be @sc{CPP}-safely
casted to their type with the macros
@code{UINT_FAST@i{N}_C(value)}.
Types where @i{N} is 8, 16, 32, or 64 are
guaranteed to be defined.
The underlaying types of these types are selected,
by the C standard library, to the types that
are thought to be the fastest type to operate
over in most use-cases.
For example, @code{uint_fast16_t} can actually
be a @code{uint64_t} (@code{unsigned long long int}).
These types are standard library-dependent and
machine-dependent, but compiler-independent.
Because these types are library-dependent, their
use in function prototypes, @code{struct}:s,
and @code{union}:s is highly discouraged.
Use in inline function however, is should be
fine.
The exact ranges of these types are
[0, @code{UINT_FAST@i{N}_MAX}].
@item intmax_t
@tpindex intmax_t
@lvindex INTMAX_MIN
@lvindex INTMAX_MAX
Widest natively available signed integer type.
If the compiler provides wider integers than the
machine, the widest integer provided by the machine
(not the compiler) is used.
Because @code{long long int} has at least 64 bits,
this type has at least 64 bits too.
This type is standard library-independent and
compiler-independent, but machine-dependent.
The range if this type is [@code{INTMAX_MIN},
@code{INTMAX_MAX}].
@item uintmax_t
@tpindex uintmax_t
@lvindex UINTMAX_MAX
Widest natively available unsigned integer type.
If the compiler provides wider integers than the
machine, the widest integer provided by the machine
(not the compiler) is used.
Because @code{long long int} has at least 64 bits,
this type has at least 64 bits too.
This type is standard library-independent and
compiler-independent, but machine-dependent.
The range if this type is [0, @code{UINTMAX_MAX}].
@item intptr_t
@cpindex Pointers
@tpindex intptr_t
@lvindex INTPTR_MIN
@lvindex INTPTR_MAX
Signed integer type cast to or from
@code{void*} without loss of precision. It can
point to any address.
This type is standard library-independent and
compiler-independent, but machine-dependent.
The range if this type is [@code{INTPTR_MIN},
@code{INTMAX_MAX}].
@item uintptr_t
@cpindex Pointers
@tpindex uintptr_t
@lvindex UINTPTR_MAX
Unsigned integer type cast to or from
@code{void*} without loss of precision. It can
point to any address.
This type is standard library-independent and
compiler-independent, but machine-dependent.
The range if this type is [0, @code{UINTPTR_MAX}].
@end table
Types where @i{N} is neither 8, 16, 32, nor 64,
are not available if @code{_PORTABLE_SOURCE} or
@code{_LIBRARY_HEADER} is defined. @command{slibc},
currently, does not define any integer types where
@i{N} is neither 8, 16, 32, nor 64.
@node Specialised integer types
@section Specialised integer types
TODO
