@node Integer types @chapter Integer types Many programmers have widely false assumption of the integer types in C. You should read this chapter. Integer types in C are not as straight-forward as they are in other programming languages. @menu * Builtin integer types:: Integer types provided by the compiler. * Portable integer types:: Integer types provided by the standard library. * Specialised integer types:: Purpose-defined integer types. @end menu @node Builtin integer types @section Builtin integer types @cpindex Integer types @cpindex Types, integer @hfindex limits.h The C programming languages, provides several integer types. All of these have limited portability, and are intrinsic (they are provided by the compiler, not the standard library.) All constants named in this section of are made available by including the header file @file{}. @table @code @item char @tpindex char @lvindex CHAR_BIT @lvindex CHAR_MIN @lvindex CHAR_MAX The smallest addressable unit of the machine that can contain a basic character set.@footnote{Because of this, @code{char*} has been given a special property in the C programming language: it may alias anything.} It is either signed or unsigned, depending on the implementation. It contains @code{CHAR_BIT} bits. @sc{POSIX} requires that @code{CHAR_BIT == 8}, however the C standard only specifies that @code{CHAR_BIT >= 8}. The range of this type is [@code{CHAR_MIN}, @code{CHAR_MAX}]. @item signed char @tpindex signed char @lvindex SCHAR_MIN @lvindex SCHAR_MAX @iftex Signed version of @code{char}. It is guaranteed to have a range of either [@math{-2}@sup{@code{CHAR_BIT}@math{~-~1}}@math{~+~1}, @math{2}@sup{@code{CHAR_BIT}@math{~-~1}}@math{~-~1}] or [@math{-2}@sup{@code{CHAR_BIT}@math{~-~1}}, @math{2}@sup{@code{CHAR_BIT}@math{~-~1}}@math{~-~1}]. The exact range is [@code{SCHAR_MIN}, @code{SCHAR_MAX}]. @end iftex @ifnottex Signed version of @code{char}. It is guaranteed to have a range of at least either [-2^(@code{CHAR_BIT} - 1) + 1, 2^(@code{CHAR_BIT} - 1) - 1] or [-2^(@code{CHAR_BIT} - 1), 2^(@code{CHAR_BIT} - 1) - 1]. The exact range is [@code{SCHAR_MIN}, @code{SCHAR_MAX}]. @end ifnottex @item unsigned char @tpindex unsigned char @lvindex UCHAR_MIN @lvindex UCHAR_MAX @iftex Unsigned version of @code{char}. It is guaranteed to have a range of exactly [0, @math{2}@sup{@code{CHAR_BIT}}@math{~-~1}], or equivalently [0, @code{UCHAR_MAX}]. @end iftex @ifnottex Unsigned version of @code{char}. It is guaranteed to have a range of exactly [0, 2^@code{CHAR_BIT} -1], or equivalently [0, @code{UCHAR_MAX}]. @end ifnottex @item short int @itemx short @itemx signed short int @itemx signed short @tpindex short int @tpindex signed short int @lvindex SHORT_MIN @lvindex SHORT_MAX Signed integer type of at least 16 bits. Its range is guaranteed contain at least [@math{-32767}, @math{32767}]. The exact range is [@code{SHORT_MIN}, @code{SHORT_MAX}]. @item unsigned short int @itemx unsigned short @tpindex unsigned short int @lvindex USHORT_MAX Unsigned integer type of at least 16 bits. Its range is guaranteed contain at least [0, @math{65535}]. The exact range is [0, @code{USHORT_MAX}]. @item signed int @itemx int @tpindex int @tpindex signed int @lvindex INT_MIN @lvindex INT_MAX Signed integer type of at least 16 bits. Its range is guaranteed contain at least [@math{-32767}, @math{32767}]. The exact range is [@code{INT_MIN}, @code{INT_MAX}]. This integer type should not be used for indices! @item unsigned int @tpindex unsigned int @lvindex UINT_MAX Unsigned integer type of at least 16 bits. Its range is guaranteed contain at least [0, @math{65535}]. The exact range is [0, @code{UINT_MAX}]. @item signed @tpindex signed Alias for @code{signed int} which is used when the valid value range is the least guaranteed range. Thus The range may exceed [@math{-32767}, @math{32767}], but values outside that range is [[@math{-32767}, @math{32767}]] should not be used. @item unsigned @tpindex unsigned Alias for @code{unsigned int} which is used when the valid value range is the least guaranteed range. Thus The range may exceed [0, @math{65535}], but values outside that range is [[0, @math{65535}]] should not be used. @item long int @itemx long @itemx signed long int @itemx signed long @tpindex signed long int @tpindex long int @lvindex LONG_MIN @lvindex LONG_MAX Signed integer type of at least 32 bits. Its range is guaranteed contain at least [@math{-2147483647}, @math{2147483647}]. The exact range is [@code{LONG_MIN}, @code{LONG_MAX}]. @item unsigned long int @itemx unsigned long @tpindex unsigned long int @lvindex ULONG_MAX Unsigned integer type of at least 32 bits. Its range is guaranteed contain at least [0, @math{4294967295}]. The exact range is [0, @code{ULONG_MAX}]. @item long long int @itemx long long @itemx signed long long int @itemx signed long long @tpindex long long int @tpindex signed long long int @lvindex LLONG_MIN @lvindex LLONG_MAX Signed integer type of at least 64 bits. Its range is guaranteed contain at least [@math{-9223372036854775807}, @math{9223372036854775807}]. This type was added in C99. The exact range is [@code{LLONG_MIN}, @code{LLONG_MAX}]. @item unsigned long long int @itemx unsigned long long @tpindex unsigned long long int @lvindex ULLONG_MAX Unsigned integer type of at least 64 bits. Its range is guaranteed contain at least [0, @math{18446744073709551615}]. This type was added in C99. The exact range is [0, @code{ULLONG_MAX}]. @end table @node Portable integer types @section Portable integer types @cpindex Integer types @cpindex Types, integer @hfindex stdint.h @hfindex inttypes.h @sc{ISO}@tie{}C99 added integers types of increased portability. These, and constants describing their properties, are made available by including either of the header files @file{} or @file{}. @file{} includes @file{}. All integer types have limited portability, but they --- with exceptions --- are available even if @code{_PORTABLE_SOURCE} or @code{_LIBRARY_HEADER} is defined. @table @code @item int@i{N}_t @tpindex int@i{N}_t @lvindex INT@i{N}_MIN @lvindex INT@i{N}_MAX Signed integer types of exaclty @i{N} bits. They have do not have any padding bits, and use two's complement. They are only defined if there are matching integer types. Thus, if the compile do not use two's complement, none will defined. Their range are [@code{INT@i{N}_MIN}, @code{INT@i{N}_MAX}], where @code{INT@i{N}_MIN == -@code{INT@i{N}_MAX} - 1}, and @code{INT@i{N}_MAX == (1 << (@i{N} - 1)) - 1}. Numerical literals, without type suffixes, can be @sc{CPP}-safely casted to their type with the macros @code{INT@i{N}_C(value)}. @code{int@i{N}_t}, where @i{N} is 8, 16, 32, or 64, must be defined if possible. These types are standard library-independent, but compiler-dependent and machine-dependent. @item uint@i{N}_t @tpindex uint@i{N}_t @lvindex UINT@i{N}_MAX Unsigned integer types of exaclty @i{N} bits. They have do not have any padding bits. They are only defined if there are matching integer types. Their range are [0, @code{UINT@i{N}_MAX}], where @code{UINT@i{N}_MAX == (1 << @i{N}) - 1}. Numerical literals, without type suffixes, can be @sc{CPP}-safely casted to their type with the macros @code{UINT@i{N}_C(value)}. @code{int@i{N}_t}, where @i{N} is 8, 16, 32, or 64, must be defined if possible. These types are standard library-independent and compiler-independent, but machine-dependent. @item int_least@i{N}_t @tpindex int_least@i{N}_t @lvindex INT_LEAST@i{N}_MIN @lvindex INT_LEAST@i{N}_MAX Signed integer types with ranges of at least [@code{INT@i{N}_MIN}, @code{INT@i{N}_MAX}]. The types are as narrow as possible, they do not however need to use two's complement. Numerical literals, without type suffixes, can be @sc{CPP}-safely casted to their type with the macros @code{INT@i{N}_C(value)}. Types where @i{N} is 8, 16, 32, or 64 are guaranteed to be defined. These types are standard library-independent, but compiler-dependent and machine-dependent. Because these types' width depending on the compiler, their use in function prototypes, @code{struct}:s, and @code{union}:s is discouraged. Use in inline function however, is should be fine. The exact ranges of these types are [@code{INT_LEAST@i{N}_MIN}, @code{INT_LEAST@i{N}_MAX}]. @item uint_least@i{N}_t @tpindex uint_least@i{N}_t @lvindex UINT_LEAST@i{N}_MAX Unsigned integer types with ranges of at least [0, @code{UINT@i{N}_MAX}]. The types are as narrow as possible. Numerical literals, without type suffixes, can be @sc{CPP}-safely casted to their type with the macros @code{UINT@i{N}_C(value)}. Types where @i{N} is 8, 16, 32, or 64 are guaranteed to be defined. These types are standard library-independent and compiler-independent, but machine-dependent. The exact ranges of these types are [0, @code{UINT_LEAST@i{N}_MAX}]. @item int_fast@i{N}_t @cpindex Fast integers @cpindex Integers, fast @tpindex int_fast@i{N}_t @lvindex INT_FAST@i{N}_MIN @lvindex INT_FAST@i{N}_MAX Signed integer types with ranges of at least [@code{INT@i{N}_MIN}, @code{INT@i{N}_MAX}]. They do not need to use two's complement. Numerical literals, without type suffixes, can be @sc{CPP}-safely casted to their type with the macros @code{INT@i{N}_C(value)}. Types where @i{N} is 8, 16, 32, or 64 are guaranteed to be defined. The underlaying types of these types are selected, by the C standard library, to the types that are thought to be the fastest type to operate over in most use-cases. For example, @code{int_fast16_t} can actually be a @code{int64_t} (@code{long long int}). These types are standard library-dependent, compiler-dependent and machine-dependent. Because these types are library-dependent, their use in function prototypes, @code{struct}:s, and @code{union}:s is highly discouraged. Use in inline function however, is should be fine. The exact ranges of these types are [@code{INT_FAST@i{N}_MIN}, @code{INT_FAST@i{N}_MAX}]. @item uint_fast@i{N}_t @cpindex Fast integers @cpindex Integers, fast @tpindex uint_fast@i{N}_t @lvindex UINT_FAST@i{N}_MAX Signed integer types with ranges of at least [0, @code{UINT@i{N}_MAX}]. Numerical literals, without type suffixes, can be @sc{CPP}-safely casted to their type with the macros @code{UINT@i{N}_C(value)}. Types where @i{N} is 8, 16, 32, or 64 are guaranteed to be defined. The underlaying types of these types are selected, by the C standard library, to the types that are thought to be the fastest type to operate over in most use-cases. For example, @code{uint_fast16_t} can actually be a @code{uint64_t} (@code{unsigned long long int}). These types are standard library-dependent and machine-dependent, but compiler-independent. Because these types are library-dependent, their use in function prototypes, @code{struct}:s, and @code{union}:s is highly discouraged. Use in inline function however, is should be fine. The exact ranges of these types are [0, @code{UINT_FAST@i{N}_MAX}]. @item intmax_t @tpindex intmax_t @lvindex INTMAX_MIN @lvindex INTMAX_MAX Widest natively available signed integer type. If the compiler provides wider integers than the machine, the widest integer provided by the machine (not the compiler) is used. Because @code{long long int} has at least 64 bits, this type has at least 64 bits too. This type is standard library-independent and compiler-independent, but machine-dependent. The range if this type is [@code{INTMAX_MIN}, @code{INTMAX_MAX}]. @item uintmax_t @tpindex uintmax_t @lvindex UINTMAX_MAX Widest natively available unsigned integer type. If the compiler provides wider integers than the machine, the widest integer provided by the machine (not the compiler) is used. Because @code{long long int} has at least 64 bits, this type has at least 64 bits too. This type is standard library-independent and compiler-independent, but machine-dependent. The range if this type is [0, @code{UINTMAX_MAX}]. @item intptr_t @cpindex Pointers @tpindex intptr_t @lvindex INTPTR_MIN @lvindex INTPTR_MAX Signed integer type cast to or from @code{void*} without loss of precision. It can point to any address. This type is standard library-independent and compiler-independent, but machine-dependent. The range if this type is [@code{INTPTR_MIN}, @code{INTMAX_MAX}]. @item uintptr_t @cpindex Pointers @tpindex uintptr_t @lvindex UINTPTR_MAX Unsigned integer type cast to or from @code{void*} without loss of precision. It can point to any address. This type is standard library-independent and compiler-independent, but machine-dependent. The range if this type is [0, @code{UINTPTR_MAX}]. @end table Types where @i{N} is neither 8, 16, 32, nor 64, are not available if @code{_PORTABLE_SOURCE} or @code{_LIBRARY_HEADER} is defined. @command{slibc}, currently, does not define any integer types where @i{N} is neither 8, 16, 32, nor 64. @node Specialised integer types @section Specialised integer types TODO @ignore ptrdiff_t ANSI C size_t ANSI C wchar_t ANSI C ssize_t POSIX @end ignore