.TH LIBPARSER 7 LIBPARSER
.SH NAME
libparser \- Right-context-sensitive grammar parsing library

.SH DESCRIPTION
.B libparser
is a small C library that parses input based on a
precompiled right-context-sensitive grammar.
.PP
To use
.BR libparser ,
a developer should write a syntax for the input that
his application shall parse, in a syntax based on
Extended Backus–Naur form (EBNF) (somewhat simplified
but also somewhat extended).
.BR libparser-generate (1)
is then used to create a C source file describing the
syntax, which shall be compiled into an object file
with a C compiler. This file provides a definition of
a global variable declared in
.BR <libparser.h> :
.IR libparser_rule_table .
This variable is used when calling
.BR libparser_parse_file (3)
to parse the application's input.
.PP
.B libparser
is proudly non-self-hosted.

.SH EXTENDED DESCRIPTION
.SS Syntax
The grammar for
.BR libparser-generate (1)'s
input can be described in its own grammar:
.PP
.RS
.nf
(* CHARACTER CLASSES *)

_space           = \(dq \(dq | \(dq\en\(dq | \(dq\et\(dq;
_alpha           = <\(dqa\(dq, \(dqz\(dq> | <\(dqA\(dq, \(dqZ\(dq>;
_octal           = <\(dq0\(dq, \(dq7\(dq>;
_digit           = <\(dq0\(dq, \(dq9\(dq>;
_xdigit          = _digit | <\(dqa\(dq, \(dqf\(dq> | <\(dqA\(dq, \(dqF\(dq>;
_nonascii        = <128, 255>;


(* WHITESPACE/COMMENTS, THE GRAMMAR IS FREE-FORM *)

_comment_char    = _space | !\(dq*\(dq, !\(dq\e\(dq\(dq, <\(dq!\(dq, 0xFF>;
_comment_tail    = [_comment_char], [_string], (\(dq*)\(dq | _comment_tail | -);
_comment         = \(dq(*\(dq, _comment_tail;

_                = {_space | _comment};


(* IDENTIFIERS *)

_identifier_head = _alpha | _digit | _nonascii | \(dq_\(dq;
_identifier_tail = _identifier_head | \(dq-\(dq;

identifier       = _identifier_head, {_identifier_tail};


(* STRINGS *)

_escape_simple   = \(dq\e\e\(dq | \(dq\e\(dq\(dq | \(dq'\(dq | \(dqa\(dq | \(dqb\(dq | \(dqf\(dq | \(dqn\(dq | \(dqr\(dq | \(dqv\(dq;
_escape_hex      = (\(dqx\(dq | \(dqX\(dq), _xdigit, _xdigit;
_escape_octal    = _octal, {_octal}; (* May not exceed 255 in base 10 *)
_escape          = _escape_simple | _escape_hex | _escape_octal | -;
_character       = \(dq\e\e\(dq, _escape | !\(dq\e\(dq\(dq, <\(dq \(dq, 0xFF>;
_string          = \(dq\e\(dq\(dq, _character, {_character}, (\(dq\e\(dq\(dq | -);

string           = _string;
character        = \(dq\e\(dq\(dq, _character, (\(dq\e\(dq\(dq | -);


(* INTEGERS *)

_decimal         = _digit, {_digit};
_hexadecimal     = \(dq0\(dq, (\(dqx\(dq | \(dqX\(dq), _xdigit, {_xdigit};

integer          = _decimal | _hexadecimal; (* May not exceed 255. *)


(* GROUPINGS *)

_low             = character | integer;
_high            = character | integer;

rejection        = \(dq!\(dq, _, _operand;
concatenation    = _operand, {_, \(dq,\(dq, _, _operand};
alternation      = concatenation, {_, \(dq|\(dq, _, concatenation};
optional         = \(dq[\(dq, _, _expression, _, \(dq]\(dq;
repeated         = \(dq{\(dq, _, _expression, _, \(dq}\(dq;
group            = \(dq(\(dq, _, _expression, _, \(dq)\(dq;
char-range       = \(dq<\(dq, _, _low, _, \(dq,\(dq, _, _high, \(dq_\(dq, \(dq>\(dq;
exception        = \(dq-\(dq;
embedded-rule    = identifier;

_literal         = char-range | exception | string;
_group           = optional | repeated | group | embedded-rule;
_operand         = _group | _literal | rejection;

_expression      = alternation;


(* RULES *)

rule             = identifier, _, \(dq=\(dq, _, _expression, _, \(dq;\(dq;

(* This is the root rule of the grammar. *)
grammar          = _, {rules, _};
.fi
.PP
.RE
The file must be encoded in UTF-8, with LF as the line
break (CR and FF are illegal just becuase).
.PP
In alternations, the first (leftmost) match is selected.
The parser is able to backtrack incase it later turns
out that it could not finish that branch. Whenever an
exception is reached, the parser will terminate there.
.PP
Repeated symbols may occour any number of times,
including zero. The compiler is able to backtrack if it
takes too much.
.PP
Concatenation has higher precedence than alternation,
groups
.RB (\(dq ( "\(dq, ..., \(dq" ) \(dq)
have no semantic meaning and are useful only to put a
alternation inside a concatenation without creating a
new rule for that.
.PP
In character ranges, the
.B _high
and
.B _low
values must be at least 0 and at most 255, and
.B _high
must be greater than
.BR _low .
.PP
Rules that begin with an underscore will not show up
for the application in the parse result, the rest of
the rules will appear in the tree-formatted result.
.PP
Left recursion is illegal (it will cause stack
overflow at runtime as the empty condition before the
recursion is always met).

.SS Right-context-sensitive grammar
libparser originally used context-free grammar, but with
introduction of the rejection rule, specifically the ability
to reject a rejection, it became a prase for
right-context-sensitive grammar which is a grammar that is
that can generate any context-sensitive language, it is
however weakly equivalent to context-sensitive grammar.

.SH SEE ALSO
.BR libparser-generate (1),
.BR libparser_parse_file (3)